雅思练习总结（七十七）

雅思练习总结七十七本文章是雅思练习总结七十七总结了文章《THE STORY OF SILK》内容包括原文精翻文章脉络总结单词扩展学习3个部分文章目录雅思练习总结七十七[toc]1 文章原文及翻译1.1 第1段丝绸的来源与嫘祖发现蚕丝的传说1.2 第2段丝绸在中国的身份象征与多种用途1.3 第3段丝绸之路的形成、路线与贸易方式1.4 第4段制丝技术外传与生产中心在欧洲的发展1.5 第5段欧洲丝绸业衰落与生产重心回到亚洲2 文章结构分析2.1 段意总结2.2 段落功能与整体推进2.3 文章结构图3 重难点词汇总结1 文章原文及翻译THE STORY OF SILK翻译丝绸的故事The history of the world’s most luxurious fabric, from ancient China to the present day翻译从古代中国到今天世界上最奢华织物的历史1.1 第1段丝绸的来源与嫘祖发现蚕丝的传说Silk is a fine, smooth material produced from the cocoons - soft protective shells - that are made by mulberry silkworms (insect larvae). Legend has it that it was Lei Tzu, wife of the Yellow Emperor, ruler of China in about 3000 BC, who discovered silkworms. One account of the story goes that as she was taking a walk in her husband’s gardens, she discovered that silkworms were responsible for the destruction of several mulberry trees. She collected a number of cocoons and sat down to have a rest. It just so happened that while she was sipping some tea, one of the cocoons that she had collected landed in the hot tea and started to unravel into a fine thread. Lei Tzu found that she could wind this thread around her fingers. Subsequently, she persuaded her husband to allow her to rear silkworms on a grove of mulberry trees. She also devised a special reel to draw the fibres from the cocoon into a single thread so that they would be strong enough to be woven into fabric. While it is unknown just how much of this is true, it is certainly known that silk cultivation has existed in China for several millennia.翻译丝绸是一种细腻、光滑的材料由桑蚕一种昆虫的幼虫结成的茧制成茧是柔软的保护性外壳。相传发现桑蚕的人是嫘祖她是黄帝的妻子而黄帝约在公元前3000年统治中国。关于这个故事有一种说法是嫘祖在丈夫的花园里散步时发现几棵桑树遭到了桑蚕的破坏。她收集了一些蚕茧随后坐下来休息。恰巧在她小口喝茶时收集来的一只蚕茧掉进了热茶里开始散开抽出一根细丝。嫘祖发现她可以把这根丝缠绕在手指上。后来她说服丈夫允许她在一片桑树林中养蚕。她还设计了一种特殊的缫丝工具将蚕茧中的纤维抽出并合成一根丝线使其足够结实能够织成布料。虽然无法确定这个故事究竟有多少是真实的但可以肯定的是中国养蚕制丝的历史已有数千年。1.2 第2段丝绸在中国的身份象征与多种用途Originally, silkworm farming was solely restricted to women, and it was they who were responsible for the growing, harvesting and weaving. Silk quickly grew into a symbol of status, and originally only royalty were entitled to have clothes made of silk. The rules were gradually relaxed over the years until finally during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911 AD), even peasants, the lowest caste, were also entitled to wear silk. Sometime during the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD), silk was so prized that it was also used as a unit of currency. Government officials were paid their salary in silk, and farmers paid their taxes in grain and silk. Silk was also used as diplomatic gifts by the emperor. Fishing lines, bowstrings, musical instruments and paper were all made using silk. The earliest indication of silk paper being used was discovered in the tomb of a noble who is estimated to have died around 168 AD.翻译起初养蚕工作仅限女性从事养蚕、采茧和织造都由她们负责。丝绸很快成为身份地位的象征最初只有王室成员有资格穿丝绸制成的衣服。随着时间推移这些规定逐渐放宽直到清朝公元1644—1911年连处于社会最底层的农民也获准穿着丝绸。在汉朝公元前206年—公元220年的某个时期丝绸受到极高的重视甚至被用作一种货币单位。政府官员领取以丝绸支付的俸禄农民则用粮食和丝绸缴税。皇帝也把丝绸用作外交赠礼。钓鱼线、弓弦、乐器和纸张的制作都曾使用蚕丝。有关丝纸使用的最早证据是在一位贵族的墓中发现的据估计这位贵族约在公元168年去世。1.3 第3段丝绸之路的形成、路线与贸易方式Demand for this exotic fabric eventually created the lucrative trade route now known as the Silk Road, taking silk westward and bringing gold, silver and wool to the East. It was named the Silk Road after its most precious commodity, which was considered to be worth more than gold. The Silk Road stretched over 6,000 kilometres from Eastern China to the Mediterranean Sea, following the Great Wall of China, climbing the Pamir mountain range, crossing modern-day Afghanistan and going on to the Middle East, with a major trading market in Damascus. From there, the merchandise was shipped across the Mediterranean Sea. Few merchants travelled the entire route; goods were handled mostly by a series of middlemen.翻译人们对这种具有异域特色的织物的需求最终催生了一条利润丰厚的贸易路线也就是如今所说的丝绸之路。它将丝绸运往西方同时把黄金、白银和羊毛带到东方。这条路线以其最珍贵的商品——丝绸——命名而丝绸当时被认为比黄金还贵重。丝绸之路从中国东部延伸至地中海全长超过6000公里沿着中国长城翻越帕米尔山脉穿过今天的阿富汗继续通往中东并在大马士革设有一个重要的贸易市场。货物从那里经海运穿越地中海。很少有商人走完全程货物大多由一连串中间商经手转运。1.4 第4段制丝技术外传与生产中心在欧洲的发展With the mulberry silkworm being native to China, the country was the world’s sole producer of silk for many hundreds of years. The secret of silk-making eventually reached the rest of the world via the Byzantine Empire, which ruled over the Mediterranean region of southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East during the period 330-1453 AD. According to another legend, monks working for the Byzantine emperor Justinian smuggled silkworm eggs to Constantinople (Istanbul in modern-day Turkey) in 550 AD, concealed inside hollow bamboo walking canes. The Byzantines were as secretive as the Chinese, however, and for many centuries the weaving and trading of silk fabric was a strict imperial monopoly. Then in the seventh century, the Arabs conquered Persia, capturing their magnificent silks in the process. Silk production thus spread through Africa, Sicily and Spain as the Arabs swept through these lands. Andalusia in southern Spain was Europe’s main silk - producing centre in the tenth century. By the thirteenth century, however, Italy had become Europe’s leader in silk production and export. Venetian merchants traded extensively in silk and encouraged silk growers to settle in Italy. Even now, silk processed in the province of Como in northern Italy enjoys an esteemed reputation.翻译由于桑蚕原产于中国中国在数百年间一直是世界上唯一的丝绸生产国。制丝的秘密最终通过拜占庭帝国传到了世界其他地区。这个帝国在公元330—1453年间统治着南欧、北非和中东的地中海地区。另一则传说称为拜占庭皇帝查士丁尼效力的僧侣在公元550年将蚕卵藏在中空的竹制手杖里偷运到了君士坦丁堡也就是今天土耳其的伊斯坦布尔。然而拜占庭人和中国人一样严守秘密在此后的许多个世纪里丝绸的织造和贸易都由皇室严格垄断。随后阿拉伯人在7世纪征服了波斯并在这一过程中夺取了当地精美的丝绸。随着阿拉伯人席卷非洲、西西里岛和西班牙丝绸生产也随之传播到这些地区。10世纪时西班牙南部的安达卢西亚是欧洲主要的丝绸生产中心。然而到13世纪意大利已成为欧洲丝绸生产和出口的领头者。威尼斯商人广泛开展丝绸贸易并鼓励养蚕业者到意大利定居。即使到了今天在意大利北部科莫省加工的丝绸仍享有很高的声誉。1.5 第5段欧洲丝绸业衰落与生产重心回到亚洲The nineteenth century and industrialisation saw the downfall of the European silk industry. Cheaper Japanese silk, trade in which was greatly facilitated by the opening of the Suez Canal, was one of the many factors driving the trend. Then in the twentieth century, new manmade fibres, such as nylon, started to be used in what had traditionally been silk products, such as stockings and parachutes. The two world wars, which interrupted the supply of raw material from Japan, also stifled the European silk industry. After the Second World War, Japan’s silk production was restored, with improved production and quality of raw silk. Japan was to remain the world’s biggest producer of raw silk, and practically the only major exporter of raw silk, until the 1970s. However, in more recent decades, China has gradually recaptured its position as the world’s biggest producer and exporter of raw silk and silk yarn. Today, around 125,000 metric tons of silk are produced in the world, and almost two thirds of that production takes place in China.翻译19世纪伴随工业化进程欧洲丝绸业走向衰落。价格更低的日本丝绸是推动这一趋势的诸多因素之一而苏伊士运河的开通又极大地便利了日本丝绸的贸易。随后进入20世纪尼龙等新型人造纤维开始被用于制造过去通常使用蚕丝制作的产品例如长筒袜和降落伞。两次世界大战中断了来自日本的原材料供应也抑制了欧洲丝绸业的发展。第二次世界大战后日本的丝绸生产得到恢复生丝的生产水平和品质也有所提升。直到20世纪70年代日本始终是世界上最大的生丝生产国而且实际上几乎是唯一的主要生丝出口国。然而在最近几十年里中国逐渐重新成为世界上最大的生丝和丝线生产国及出口国。如今全球丝的产量约为125000公吨其中近三分之二产自中国。2 文章结构分析2.1 段意总结这篇文章的内容总结如下本段先解释丝绸与蚕茧的关系再用嫘祖的传说串起发现蚕丝、养蚕和缫丝的过程。结尾区分了真实性尚不确定的传说与中国养蚕制丝已有数千年这一事实为全文的历史叙述奠定基础。本段围绕丝绸在中国社会中的价值展开先介绍女性承担生产以及穿着资格逐步放宽再转向货币、税赋、外交和日常器物等用途。段内按功能组织材料讲到清朝后又回溯汉朝不能将叙述顺序直接当作时间顺序。本段将视野从中国国内扩展到跨区域贸易以丝绸需求说明丝绸之路的形成再交代东西方交换的商品、路线与关键市场。末句强调中间商接力转运的模式说明贸易网络的运作方式。本段从丝绸商品的流通转向制丝技术与生产的传播依次介绍中国的长期独占、经拜占庭外传的传说以及阿拉伯扩张带来的传播。随后以10世纪的安达卢西亚和13世纪的意大利呈现欧洲生产中心的变化末尾补充科莫丝绸延续至今的声誉。本段先解释欧洲丝绸业在近现代的衰落列出廉价日本丝绸竞争、人造纤维替代和世界大战导致原料断供等因素。随后转向战后亚洲的生产格局日本恢复生产并保持领先至20世纪70年代中国此后逐渐重获领先地位结尾用文中的产量与占比收束全文。2.2 段落功能与整体推进段落核心任务主要支撑与下一段的衔接第1段解释丝绸来源建立中国起源的叙述背景蚕茧定义嫘祖发现、养蚕与缫丝的传说数千年的养蚕制丝历史由丝绸如何出现转向它在中国由谁生产、供谁使用第2段说明丝绸在中国社会中的地位与多重价值女性生产穿着资格逐渐放宽俸禄、税赋、外交赠礼及器物用途由国内的珍贵材料与实用品转向需求推动的对外贸易第3段交代丝绸之路的形成与贸易网络的运作东西方商品交换超过6000公里的路线大马士革市场中间商转运由丝绸商品向外流通转向制丝技术和生产能力向外传播第4段追踪制丝技术外传及欧洲生产中心的形成拜占庭外传传说与皇室垄断阿拉伯传播安达卢西亚、意大利与科莫由欧洲丝绸生产的兴起转向近现代的衰落及亚洲生产重心的变化第5段解释欧洲衰落并呈现日本与中国地位的先后变化价格竞争、人造纤维和战争断供日本战后恢复中国重获领先产量占比以中国重新成为主要生产与出口国呼应开篇的中国起源完成全文收束文章整体结构如下全文以丝绸这一材料为中心沿着“起源—社会用途—商品贸易—技术传播—产业格局”的主题线展开同时不断扩大时间与空间范围。第1、2段聚焦中国第3段进入连接东西方的贸易网络第4段追踪制丝技术向其他地区的传播第5段则呈现近现代生产重心的变化。阅读时先抓住每段回答的问题再把年代和地名放回对应主题中能够避免被密集的历史细节打乱思路。前两段分别回答“丝绸从何而来”和“丝绸为何重要”。第1段用发现蚕茧、热茶抽丝、养蚕和缫丝构成易于理解的故事链但 Legend has it、One account 和 While it is unknown 明确保留了传说的不确定性最后才落到中国养蚕制丝已有数千年的确定陈述。第2段则按身份、经济和实用功能补充丝绸的价值。其中清朝的穿着规定出现在汉朝的货币用途之前说明该段以用途分类为主并未严格按年代从早到晚排列。第3、4段的关键区别是“商品流通”与“生产传播”。第3段中的 Demand、trade route 和 middlemen 对应贸易需求、运输路线与交易方式商品能够到达远方并不等于当地已经掌握生产技术。第4段随后补足制丝秘密如何外传、哪些地区成为生产中心这一层信息。段内的 however 标示局面变化拜占庭获得技术后仍实行垄断而欧洲的领先中心后来又从安达卢西亚转向意大利。末段先解释衰落再交代生产重心的重新分布。开头的 saw 将19世纪和工业化置于欧洲丝绸业衰落的时代背景中后文的 one of the many factors 与 also 才明确提示这是多种因素共同推动的结果不能简化成工业化导致衰落这一条因果线。苏伊士运河便利日本丝绸贸易、人造纤维替代传统用途、战争中断原料供应分别作用于竞争、需求和供给。最后日本战后恢复并领先至20世纪70年代中国在随后几十年重获领先地位文中的产量及中国占比让这条从中国出发的历史线索回到中国。2.3 文章结构图由起源转向社会用途由国内用途转向贸易由商品流通转向技术转向产业衰落与复兴第1段从丝绸来源引出发现传说丝绸来自桑蚕结成的茧嫘祖传说茧落热茶散出细丝由此讲述养蚕、缫丝与织物的起源作者区分传说真伪与已知事实可以确定中国养蚕制丝已有数千年第2段中国社会中的身份与用途最初由女性承担养蚕、收茧与织造服饰资格由皇室专属逐步放宽到清代农民也获准穿着丝绸用途回溯汉代充当货币、发薪与纳税又用于外交礼物、渔线、弓弦与乐器墓葬中的丝纸证据补充其多种用途第3段需求推动跨欧亚贸易丝绸需求催生有利可图的丝绸之路丝绸向西金银和羊毛向东路线超过6000公里中国东部至地中海经帕米尔、阿富汗和中东至大马士革货物再由海路运过地中海全程行商很少主要靠中间商接力第4段制丝技术传播与欧洲中心转移中国长期独产技术后来传至拜占庭传说公元550年僧侣藏蚕卵于竹杖拜占庭也长期严守织造与贸易的皇室垄断7世纪随阿拉伯扩张传入非洲及南欧10世纪安达卢西亚成为欧洲主要产区13世纪意大利领先科莫至今享有盛誉第5段欧洲衰落与亚洲生产格局19世纪工业化时期欧洲丝业走向衰落竞争因素低价日本丝运河便利其贸易另有人造纤维替代、两次大战阻断原料供应战后日本恢复生产领先至20世纪70年代此后数十年中国逐渐重居生产与出口首位文末数据全球约125000公吨中国近2/33 重难点词汇总结lucrative根据剑桥词典 lucrative 这个单词出现在第3段意为利润丰厚的、获利多的文中义lucrative trade route 指丝绸之路能带来丰厚收益。前面的 Demand for this exotic fabric 说明需求推动贸易路线形成lucrative 则点明其经济吸引力。lucrative 含义